How Coffee Affects Your Heart and Blood Pressure, According to Science
Coffee remains one of the world's most popular drinks, with average consumption nearing two kilos per person each year. Yet its effects on blood pressure and heart health have long been debated. Recent studies now show that while caffeine can temporarily raise blood pressure, long-term risks depend on individual health and habits.
Over the past two decades, scientific views on coffee and blood pressure have shifted. Early research suggested caffeine could cause lasting high blood pressure. But newer studies, including meta-analyses like Crippa et al. and data from INTERMAP, confirm that caffeine only produces a short-lived spike—typically 3 to 15 mmHg for one to three hours. For regular drinkers, no long-term increase in blood pressure has been observed.
Genetics also play a role in how much coffee a person consumes. Genes affect both the brain's reward response to caffeine and how quickly the body processes it. This explains why some people naturally drink more coffee than others.
A Japanese study highlighted risks for those with very high blood pressure. Heavy coffee drinkers—consuming two or more cups daily—doubled their risk of dying from cardiovascular disease. However, for most people with hypertension, moderate intake of three to four cups a day is now considered safe. Experts stress that individual tolerance matters more than strict limits.
Caffeine stimulates the heart, making it beat faster while tightening blood vessels. This raises blood pressure, particularly in those who rarely drink coffee or already have hypertension. Yet coffee also contains phytochemicals, such as melanoidins and quinic acid, which may influence blood pressure in different ways.
Research confirms that coffee drinking does not increase the risk of developing hypertension. Still, those with existing heart conditions or high blood pressure are advised to monitor their intake carefully.
The latest findings suggest that coffee's impact on blood pressure is temporary for most people. Moderation remains key, especially for those with high blood pressure or heart concerns. Understanding personal health, caffeine habits, and other lifestyle factors helps manage risks effectively.
