Peptide YY Links to Satiety, Intestinal Health, and Mental Processes
Peptide YY (PYY) is a short peptide hormone that plays a significant role in the regulation of digestive processes and cognitive functions. This hormone links gut signals to the brain, influencing cognitive and emotional pathways that regulate appetite [2][3].
The gut microbiota and intestinal environment regulate PYY secretion. For instance, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by beneficial gut bacteria stimulate PYY release, which then modulates brain functions related to energy homeostasis and appetite control [4]. Disruptions in gut integrity, such as those caused by high-fat diets leading to increased gut permeability and reduced tight junction protein expression, can affect PYY secretion and its subsequent modulation of cognitive functions [4].
PYY exists in two main forms: PYY1-36 and PYY3-36, each with distinct functions. PYY3-36, the more abundant form post-meal, primarily targets the Y2 receptor, while PYY1-36 can bind to multiple neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors, including Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptors [1]. PYY is primarily synthesized and secreted by L-cells in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the ileum and colon [1].
PYY is integral in the regulation of digestive processes, slowing gastric emptying and intestinal motility, and impacting the secretion of digestive juices and enzymes [1]. Moreover, PYY can cross the blood-brain barrier and interact with brain regions involved in appetite regulation, such as the hypothalamus, and may also influence mood and cognitive functions such as learning and memory [2][3].
The relationship between PYY and gut health is critical, as PYY plays a significant role in maintaining the health and functionality of the gut. Certain bacterial strains can promote PYY secretion, enhancing satiety signals and contributing to a more balanced gut environment [5]. Dietary choices that promote a healthy gut, such as a diet rich in fiber, can enhance PYY secretion [5].
Enhancing PYY levels could be a strategy for addressing cognitive deficits associated with conditions like Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia, as PYY's ability to decrease appetite is a natural mechanism to prevent overeating [6]. Furthermore, PYY might play a role in neurotrophic factors, which are essential for the growth and survival of neurons, and could also have implications in managing mental health conditions such as depression or anxiety [2].
Lastly, PYY levels are influenced by the circadian rhythm and physical activity. Understanding the complex interplay between PYY, gut health, and cognitive functions can lead to novel strategies for improving overall health and wellbeing.
References:
- Peptide YY
- Peptide YY and the gut-brain axis
- Peptide YY and the regulation of food intake
- Short-chain fatty acids and the gut-brain axis
- Diet and Peptide YY
- Peptide YY in the management of Alzheimer's disease
- Mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety might be influenced by Peptide YY (PYY), as it could be involved in neurotrophic factors essential for neurons' growth and survival.
- Enhancing PYY levels could be a potential strategy to address cognitive deficits associated with conditions like Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia, since PYY's ability to decrease appetite is a natural mechanism to prevent overeating.
- PYY, integral in digestive processes, can also cross the blood-brain barrier and interact with brain regions involved in appetite regulation, such as the hypothalamus, and may influence mood and cognitive functions such as learning and memory.
- Dietary choices that promote a healthy gut, rich in fiber, can enhance Peptide YY secretion, contributing to a more balanced gut environment and potential benefits for mental health.
- The gut microbiota and intestinal environment regulate PYY secretion, with beneficial gut bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that stimulate PYY release, impacting brain functions related to energy homeostasis and appetite control.
- Disruptions in gut integrity, such as those caused by high-fat diets leading to increased gut permeability and reduced tight junction protein expression, can affect Peptide YY secretion and its subsequent modulation of cognitive functions.
- Certain bacterial strains can promote PYY secretion, enhancing satiety signals and possibly contributing to a healthier mind and better overall health-and-wellness.
- PYY levels are influenced by the circadian rhythm and physical activity, and understanding the complex interplay between PYY, gut health, and cognitive functions can lead to novel strategies for improving overall fitness-and-exercise and mental health.
